CHAPTER 16: Definite Assignment

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16.2 Definite Assignment and Statements

16.2.1 Empty Statements

• V is definitely assigned after an empty statement iff it is definitely assigned before the empty statement.

16.2.2 Blocks

• V is definitely assigned after an empty block iff it is definitely assigned before the empty block.
• V is definitely assigned after a nonempty block iff it is definitely assigned after the last statement in the block.
• V is definitely assigned before the first statement of the block iff it is definitely assigned before the block.
• V is definitely assigned before any other statement S of the block iff it is definitely assigned after the statement immediately preceding S in the block.

16.2.3 Local Variable Declaration Statements

• V is definitely assigned after a local variable declaration statement that contains no initializers iff it is definitely assigned before the local variable declaration statement.
• V is definitely assigned after a local variable declaration statement that contains initializers iff either it is definitely assigned after the last initializer expression in the local variable declaration statement or the last initializer expression in the declaration is in the declarator that declares V.
• V is definitely assigned before the first initializer expression iff it is definitely assigned before the local variable declaration statement.
• V is definitely assigned before any other initializer expression e iff either it is definitely assigned after the initializer expression immediately preceding e in the local variable declaration statement or the initializer expression immediately preceding e in the local variable declaration statement is in the declarator that declares V.

16.2.4 Labeled Statements

• V is definitely assigned after a labeled statement L: S (where L is a label) iff V is definitely assigned after S and V is definitely assigned before every break statement that may exit the labeled statement L: S.
• V is definitely assigned before S iff V is definitely assigned before L: S.

16.2.5 Expression Statements

• V is definitely assigned after an expression statement e; iff it is definitely assigned after e.
• V is definitely assigned before e iff it is definitely assigned before e; .

16.2.6 if Statements

• V is definitely assigned after if ( e) S iff V is definitely assigned after S and V is definitely assigned after e when false.
• V is definitely assigned before e iff V is definitely assigned before if ( e) S. V is definitely assigned before S iff V is definitely assigned after e when true.
• V is definitely assigned after if ( e) S else T iff V is definitely assigned after S and V is definitely assigned after T.
• V is definitely assigned before e iff V is definitely assigned before if ( e) S else T. V is definitely assigned before S iff V is definitely assigned after e when true. V is definitely assigned before T iff V is definitely assigned after e when false.

16.2.7 switch Statements

• V is definitely assigned after a switch statement iff both of the following are true:
  • Either the switch block is empty or V is definitely assigned after the last statement of the switch block.
  • V is definitely assigned before every break statement that may exit the switch statement.
• V is definitely assigned before the switch expression iff V is definitely assigned before the switch statement.
• V is definitely assigned before a statement or local variable declaration statement S in the switch block iff at least one of the following is true:
  • V is definitely assigned after the switch expression.
  • S is not labeled by a case or default label and V is definitely assigned after the preceding statement.

16.2.8 while Statements

• V is definitely assigned after while ( e) S iff V is definitely assigned after e when false and V is definitely assigned before every break statement that may exit the while statement.
• V is definitely assigned before e iff V is definitely assigned before the while statement.
• V is definitely assigned before S iff V is definitely assigned after e when true.

16.2.9 do Statements

• V is definitely assigned after do S while ( e); iff V is definitely assigned after e when false and V is definitely assigned before every break statement that may exit the do statement.
• V is definitely assigned before S iff V is definitely assigned before the do statement.
• V is definitely assigned before e iff V is definitely assigned after S and V is definitely assigned before every continue statement that may exit the body of the do statement.

16.2.10 for Statements

• V is definitely assigned after a for statement iff both of the following are true:
  • Either a condition expression is not present or V is definitely assigned after the condition expression when false.
  • V is definitely assigned before every break statement that may exit the for statement.
• V is definitely assigned before the initialization part of the for statement iff V is definitely assigned before the for statement.
• V is definitely assigned before the condition part of the for statement iff V is definitely assigned after the initialization part of the for statement.
• V is definitely assigned before the contained statement iff either of the following is true:
  • A condition expression is present and V is definitely assigned after the condition expression when true.
  • No condition expression is present and V is definitely assigned after the initialization part of the for statement.
• V is definitely assigned before the incrementation part of the for statement iff V is definitely assigned after the contained statement and V is definitely assigned before every continue statement that may exit the body of the for statement.

16.2.10.1 Initialization Part

• If the initialization part of the for statement is a local variable declaration statement, the rules of S16.2.3 apply.
• Otherwise, if the initialization part is empty, then V is definitely assigned after the initialization part iff V is definitely assigned before the initialization part.
• Otherwise, three rules apply:
  • V is definitely assigned after the initialization part iff V is definitely assigned after the last expression statement in the initialization part.
  • V is definitely assigned before the first expression statement in the initialization part iff V is definitely assigned before the initialization part.
  • V is definitely assigned before an expression statement E other than the first in the initialization part iff V is definitely assigned after the expression statement immediately preceding E.

16.2.10.2 Incrementation Part

• If the incrementation part of the for statement is empty, then V is definitely assigned after the incrementation part iff V is definitely assigned before the incrementation part.
• Otherwise, three rules apply:
  • V is definitely assigned after the incrementation part iff V is definitely assigned after the last expression statement in the incrementation part.
  • V is definitely assigned before the first expression statement in the incrementation part iff V is definitely assigned before the incrementation part.
  • V is definitely assigned before an expression statement E other than the first in the incrementation part iff V is definitely assigned after the expression statement immediately preceding E.

16.2.11 break, continue, return, and throw Statements

• By convention, we say that V is definitely assigned after any break , continue , return , or throw statement. The notion that a variable is "definitely assigned after" a statement or expression really means "is definitely assigned after the statement or expression completes normally". Because a break , continue , return , or throw statement never completes normally, it vacuously satisfies this notion.
• In a return statement with an expression or a throw statement, V is definitely assigned before the expression iff V is definitely assigned before the return or throw statement.

16.2.12 synchronized Statements

• V is definitely assigned after synchronized ( e) S iff V is definitely assigned after S.
• V is definitely assigned before e iff V is definitely assigned before the statement synchronized ( e) S.
• V is definitely assigned before S iff V is definitely assigned after e.

16.2.13 try Statements

• V is definitely assigned after a try statement iff one of the following is true:
  • V is definitely assigned after the try block and V is definitely assigned after every catch block in the try statement.
  • The try statement has a finally block and V is definitely assigned after the finally block.
• V is definitely assigned before the try block iff V is definitely assigned before the try statement.
• V is definitely assigned before a catch block iff V is definitely assigned before the try statement.

V is definitely assigned before a finally block iff V is definitely assigned before the try statement.